Melt blowing apparatus for producing a layered filter media web product

ABSTRACT

A die apparatus wherein a layered web of melt blown fibrous filter media is produced by a unitary die including several die sources with facing layers of the fibrous filter media being attenuated by opposed fluid streams at preselected included angles and with the fiber layers being free from bonding together and with the fibers in each layer being minimally bonded.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method, apparatus and productinvolving melt blowing systems and more particularly to an improved,highly efficient, low energy melt blowing process, a novel melt blowingdie apparatus having a unique capability of accomplishing such processwith a minimum of structural parts and a minimum of energy and a novel,highly efficient filter media product which can be readily produced bythe inventive process and apparatus.

Non woven fiber mats formed by melt blowing dies and melt blowingprocesses for producing the same have been long known in the prior art.In this regard, attention is directed to the expired U.S. Pat. No.3,825,380, issued to J. W. Harding et al on Jul. 23, 1974, which teachesthe formation of such a fibrous mat from molten polymers by means of alongitudinally extending die apparatus having a triangularcross-sectional die nose configuration with a pair of oppositelydirected attenuating air streams being directed along the die noseflanks toward centrally emitted melt blown fibers with the air streamsflowing in opposed angular direction so as to include an angletherebetween in the range of thirty (30) to ninety (90) degrees, itbeing noted that the attenuated elongated fiber streams are cooledambiently before collection on a screen as a web. In U.S. Pat. No.4,714,647, issued to P. W. Shipp, Jr. et al on Dec. 22, 1987,sequentially deposited layers of melt blown thermoplastic filter fibersof different sizes are collected as a laminate web and in U.S. Pat. No.5,236,641, issued to M. A. Allen et al on Aug. 17, 1993 melt blownpolymer fibers are fed as strips to a collector by individually fedside-by-side melt blowing units, each unit having its through-putcontrolled to maintain the property in each strip at a predeterminedvalue. Finally attention is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,161, issuedto D. L. Middleton on Dec. 4, 1984; No. 4,818,463, issued to P. G.Buehning on Apr. 4, 1989; and No. 4,986,743, issued to P. G. Buehning onJan. 22, 1991, each of which three aforesaid patents teaches a die tipstructural arrangement for melt blown fiber material feeding.

Although the prior art teaches or suggests various overall diestructures, die tip fluid material feeding structure and melt blowingprocesses, none teaches the unique and novel die construction, meltblowing process and resulting layered, fibrous filter web as isdescribed herein.

In accordance with the novel features of the present invention, astraightforward, economical, easy to manufacture, easy to assemble andto maintain apparatus is provided, as is a unique melt blowing processrequiring a straightforward and economical series of steps whichprovides an increase in fibrous filter media output with a minimum ofenergy consumption. In addition the present invention allows forstraightforward and economical modifications in the novel process,apparatus and product to produce varying sizes and varyingcharacteristic filter fibers in accordance with varying market demands.Further, the present invention provides a unique layered fibrous filtermat which serves to increase bulk with accompanying increased dustholding capacity and overall filtering efficiency.

Various other features of the present invention will become obvious toone skilled in the art upon reading the disclosure set forth herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTORY

More particularly the present invention provides a process for forming alayered web of fibrous filter media wherein adjacently facing layers offibrous filter media are distinctly separate from each other comprising:sequentially feeding filter media fibers in heated and fiber attenuatedform from heated melt blown die source orifices toward a spacedcollector source to be layered as at least two separate and distinctlayers of fibrous filter media onto the collector source with onefibrous filter media layer being on top of the other in faced relation;and, treating the fibers of the facing layers of fibrous filter mediabetween the die source and before the collector source in order toenhance crystallization and to avoid bonding between adjacent medialayer faces and to reduce bonding within each of the layers to increasethe layered web of fibrous filter media in bulk with accompanyingincreased dust holding capacity and overall filtration efficiency.Further, the present invention provides a preselected included angle forfiber attenuating fluid streams wherein such attenuating fluid streamson either side of a fluid material stream are more in opposition to eachother to provide a high velocity, turbulent, pulse-like sinusoidal flowfrom the fluid material outlet to increase the rate of fiberattenuation. In addition, the present invention provides a die apparatusfor forming a layered web of fibrous filter media with the layersthereof distinctly separate from each comprising: a unitary die bodyformed from a preselected heat conductive material, the die body havingformed therein at least two preselectively spaced fluid materialflow-through passages, each material flow-through passage having a fluidmaterial receiving inlet and a fluid material dispensing outlet adaptedto dispense a row of layer forming fibers therefrom with the dispensedrandomly oriented fiber layers to be collected in stacked, facingrelation; the die body further having formed therein at least two pairsof oppositely disposed fluid attenuating flow-through passages, eachhaving a fluid attenuating outlet with the oppositely disposed fluidattenuating outlets of each pair of fluid attenuating passages beingdisposed at preselectively opposed angles to define a preselectedinclude angle in excess of approximately ninety-five (95) degrees sothat the fluid attenuating outlet pairs are so angularly positionedrelative each of the fluid material outlets to be more in opposition toeach other to provide a high velocity, turbulent, pulse-like, sinusoidalattenuated fibrous flow from each of the fluid material outlets to thusincrease the rate of fibrous layer attenuation; a heating meanscooperative with the unitary die body whereby heat is conducted to thefluid material passages and the fluid attenuating passages; and, aninsulating means cooperative with the heating means to appropriatelyinsulate portions of the same. In addition, the present inventionprovides fluid treating passages cooperative with the fluid outlets totreat the layered fibrous material so as to avoid subsequent bondingbetween collected adjacent facing fibrous layers and to reduce bondingof fibers within each layer thus increasing layered fibrous filter mediaweb bulk with accompanying increased dust holding capacity and overallfiltering efficiency.

Finally, the present invention provides a unique, layered, fibrous fluidfilter media web of melt blown fibrous material comprising; at least twofreely separable face-to-face melt blown layers of fibrous filter mediafree of face-to-face layer bonding with the fibers in each layer havinga minimum bonded relation to each other, providing a layered fibrousfilter media of increased bulk with accompanying increased dust holdingcapacity and overall filtering efficiency.

It is to be understood that various changes can be made by one skilledin the art in one or more of the process steps and in one or more of theseveral parts of the die apparatus and resulting product withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Forexample, it would be possible with a mere ready change of nose and lipsections to vary the cross-sectional geometry and fiber count producedand to vary fiber diameter from one die source to an adjacent diesource, all within a unitary die source body.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to the drawings which schematically disclose one advantageousembodiment of the present invention:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the overall structureincorporating the inventive unitary melt blown die body and a drumcollector positioned in spaced relation therebelow to receive andcollect melt blown fibrous layers in a facing layer-upon-layer web;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the novel die bodystructure of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the unique die body disclosed in FIGS. 1and 2 with the spaced, removable nose sections and fluid passage lipsections of FIGS. 1 and 2 removed; and,

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken in a plane through line 4--4 ofthe enlarged view of FIG. 2, disclosing in longitudinal form the fluidmaterial feed structure in cooperation with a spinneret orifice plate inthe removable nose sections.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1 of the schematic drawings, a spinning assembly 2 isschematically disclosed as including a fluid material feed hopper 3, amotor driven (not shown) extruder 4, fluid material feeder conduits 6,the inventive unitary die body 7 and a spaced fibrous web rotating drumcollector 8 for collecting the novel layered fibrous web 9 thereon to befed to winder 10, the overall spinning assembly 2 including a feedhopper, extruder, feeder conduits, die body, collector--either of drumor endless belt type--and winder being generally known in the art.

Referring to the enlarged schematic arrangement of FIGS. 2-4 of thedrawings, details of the inventive features of the novel die apparatusand process for forming the novel layered web of fibrous filter media 9can be seen in detail. In accordance with the present invention,longitudinally extending unitary die body 7 can be formed as suchunitary die body member (FIG. 3) from a suitable, preselected heatconducting material, such as a nickel-chromium steel, it beingunderstood that other types of suitable, readily formed, heat conductivematerials also could be utilized. Unitary longitudinally extending diebody 7 has formed therein, either by precision casting or precisiondrilling, a plurality of preselectively spaced fluid materialflowthrough slotted material passages 11, three such slotted materialpassages being shown in the drawings. In order to provide for a finallayered product, it is to be understood that at least two such slottedfluid material flow-through passages are required in the longitudinallyextending, unitary die body with the spacing of the slotted materialpassages 11 being compatible with the geometry and size of drum 8 or anendless belt collector (not shown). Each fluid material slotted passage11 has a fluid material receiving inlet 12 to be connected to theaforedescribed feed hopper 3, extruder 4 and one of feeder conduits 6disposed externally of unitary die body 7. Each fluid material slottedpassage 11 is further provided with a fluid material slotted dispensingoutlet 13, which outlet is located in the communicating removable nosesection as described more fully hereinafter. The longitudinallyextending unitary die body 7 further is provided with pairs ofoppositely disposed rows of spaced fluid attenuating flow-throughpassages 14 with one pair of opposed rows of spaced attenuating passages14 serving the opposite sides of each fluid material slottedflow-through passage 11 in die body 7. Like slotted flow-throughmaterial passages 11, each pair of rows of spaced passages 14 serving asoppositely disposed slotted fluid attenuating passages can be formed inunitary die body 7 by precision casting or precision cutting. Eachspaced fluid attenuating flow-through passage 14 of each pair of spacedrows is provided with a fluid attenuating manifold inlet 16 connected toa suitable pressured air source external of die body 7 and not shown anda fluid attenuating outlet 17. As is described more fully hereinafter,opposed fluid attenuating outlet pairs 17 (FIG. 2) are formed by theflanks of a removable, longitudinally extending nose section oftriangular cross-section and one pair of oppositely disposed and spacedmirror-image removable longitudinally extending lip sections.

Referring particularly to FIG. 3 of the drawings, it can be seen thatone side of longitudinally extending unitary die body 7 is provided withthree longitudinally extending, cross-sectionally stepped recesses 18.Each of these longitudinally extending stepped recesses 18 serves tosnugly receive in nesting relation the longitudinally extending baseportion 21 of a longitudinally extending nose section 19, which nosesection 19 also can be formed as a single, unitary piece from a suitableheat conductive material such as nickel-chromium steel similar to thematerial of unitary longitudinally extending unitary die body 7. Eachlongitudinally extending nose section 19 is appropriately provided witha plurality of spaced taps 22 through the longitudinally extending sidewing portions of longitudinally extending nose section 19 to receive innesting relation the heads of fastening screws 23 which engage in thespaced taps 24 in longitudinally extending unitary die body 7.

As can be seen in FIG. 2 of the drawings, each longitudinally extendingnose section 19 is so formed as to provide a longitudinally extendingapex portion 26 extending from nestable base portion 21, this apexportion 26 also is centrally longitudinally slotted as at 11' so as tomate with and provide a communicating continuation of longitudinallyextending fluid material dispensing slot 11 in longitudinally extendingunitary die body 7 with the fluid material outlet 13 of slot 11' beingadjacent the apex of the nose section to cooperate with an orificedlongitudinally extending spinnerette plate mounted at the apex oflongitudinally extending nose section 19 (described hereinafter).

It is to be noted that longitudinally extending apex portion 26 oflongitudinally extending nose section 19 is of triangular cross-sectionwith the included angle defining the apex of the cross-sectionaltriangle being preselectively in excess of ninety-five (95) degrees. Itis recognized that the nose section thickness and strength to preventcracking near the tip vicinity of the nose section orifice increases asthe included angle increases.

In accordance with the present invention the included angle of thetriangular cross-section is selectively in the range of approximatelyninety-five (95) degrees to one hundred and twenty (120) degrees andadvantageously is approximately one hundred and eight (108) degrees plusor minus two (2) degrees. Since the oppositely and inwardly sloping sideflanks of the longitudinally extending apex portion 26 of longitudinallyextending nose section 19 each serve as one defining wall of the opposedterminal portion of fluid attenuating passages 14 and the cooperatingparallel and chamfered spaced edge end faces of opposed mirror-imagelongitudinally extending removable lip sections 27 serve as the otherdefining walls of the terminal portions of passages 14, the definedfluid attenuating outlets 17 are so angularly positioned on oppositesides of fluid material outlets 13 as to be more in opposition to eachother to provide a turbulent pulse-like, sinusoidal attenuating fibrousflow from each of fluid material outlets 13 to thus increase the rate offibrous layer attenuation from each outlet 13 in accordance with onefeature of the present invention. In accordance with still anotherfeature of the present invention, the removable longitudinally extendinglip sections 27, as can be seen in FIG. 2 and 3 are each provided withlongitudinally spaced, tapped recesses 28 adjacent the side opposite thechamfered end edge of each of the opposed lip sections. These tappedrecesses 28 serve to receive the heads of fastening screws 29, whichlike screws 23, engage in spaced taps 31 of unitary die body 7 to holdthe removable lip section pairs 27 in fast passage defining position. Itis to be understood that the spacing and geometric configuration of thelip sections 27 can be varied to determine the velocity and angle of thefluid attenuating stream.

As can be seen in FIG. 4 of the drawings, the cross-section of each ofthe longitudinally extending slot type fluid material flow-throughpassages 11 is formed in unitary die body 7 in a hanger type shape, sucha hanger-type shape for fluid material passages of uniform velocitybeing long known in the art. As aforedescribed elongated, slottedpassages 11 communicate with passages 11' in nose sections 19 when theyare removably mounted in the stepped recess 18 of the unitary die body7. Formed in the apex portion 26 of each nose section 19, also in amanner known in the art, is an orifice plate 32. Each orifice plate 32includes at least one row of spaced fibrous fluid emitting aperturestherein. In accordance with still another feature of the presentinvention, these spaced apertures advantageously number approximatelythirty (30) per inch, each being preselectively sized and geometricallyshaped to determine the size and cross-sectional shape of the layeredfibrous material passing therethrough. It is to be understood that likelip section pairs 27, the nose sections 19 can be readily replaced withother type lip and nose sections having differing designs including butnot limited to geometrically differing orifice arrangements and sizes.

Referring once again to FIG. 1 of the drawings, it can be seen thatunitary die body 7, can advantageously be provided with an aluminumalloyed, electric coil heating jacket 33 cooperatively surrounding theunitary die body 7 to conduct heat to fluid passages 11 and 14 therein.A suitable ceramic insulating jacket 34 cooperatively surround the outerface of heating jacket 33. It is to be understood that the presentinvention is to be considered as not limited to the specific heating andinsulating arrangements as shown but that other heating and insulatingarrangements can be employed without departing from the scope or spiritof the invention disclosed herein.

In accordance with still another feature of the present invention, ascan also be seen in FIG. 1, spaced, apertured fluid conduits 36 can befastened to the unitary die body 7 to be cooperative along oppositesides of each fluid material dispensing outlet 13 at the apex of nosesection 19 and opposed lip sections 27 to treat emitted layered fibrousmaterial with a solidifying, cooling fluid such as blower driven cool orambient air. Such a solidifying treatment serves to avoid subsequentbonding of collected adjacent facing fibrous layers and to reduce thebonding of individual fibers within each layer to thus increase mediabulk with accompanying increased dust holding capacity and overallefficiency.

In carrying out the inventive process for forming a layered web offibrous filter media wherein adjacently facing layers of fibrous filtermedia are distinctly separate from each other, polymer filter mediafibers are sequentially fed in heated form, the polymer mediaadvantageously having a viscosity in the range of at least ten (10) tothree hundred (300) poise. The polymer is fed from at least two andadvantageously several preselected spaced heated melt blown die sourceorifice rows as fiber forming layers with at least ten (10) to fifty(50) fibers per inch and advantageously and at least approximatelythirty (30) fibers per inch with the fibers having been heated in themelt blown die sources to a temperature within the approximate range offour hundred (400 F.) to nine hundred (900 F.) degrees Fahrenheit. Theoutput of melt blown material per each orifice of a die source orificerow advantageously is in the range of zero point one (0.1) to two pointeight (2.8) grams per minute. The fibers attenuated from the orificerows of each die source advantageously can have a diameter in the rangeof zero point three (0.3) to twenty (20) micrometers in diameter and thepolymer material can be but is not limited to polyester having a densityof approximately one point four (1.4) grams per cubic centimeter, apolypropylene having a density of approximately zero point nine (0.9)grams per cubic centimeter or a nylon having a density of approximatelyone point one four (1.14) grams per cubic centimeter. In accordance withone feature of the present invention, the emitted fibers from each rowof spaced orifices are attenuated by pairs of oppositely directed fluidair stream advantageously at a rate of up to six hundred (600) feet persecond, the air streams advantageously being heated to a temperature ofapproximately seven hundred (700 F.) degrees Fahrenheit. Theseoppositely directed air streams are so angularly directed as to includean angle between opposed streams in excess of approximately ninety-five((95) degrees, desirably within an approximate range of ninety-five (95)to one hundred twenty (120) degrees and advantageously at one hundredeight (108) degrees plus or minus two (2) degrees. This angulardirection of the opposed attenuating fluid streams serves to provide aturbulent fiber flow, increasing the rate of fiber attenuation. Inaccordance with still another feature of the present invention, acooling treatment of the attenuated fibers with cool air is applied toeither side of each of the layer rows of fibers at the fiber attenuationlocation in order to enhance crystallization before the fibers arecollected in face-to-face layered form on a collector, such as arevolving drum or endless belt. This treatment serves to avoid bondingbetween adjacent layer faces and to reduce fiber bonding within eachlayer so as to increase filter media bulk with accompanying increaseddust holding capacity and overall efficiency.

In accordance with still another feature of the present invention, aunique and novel filter media is produced by the apparatus and methoddescribed herein, such unique filter media includes a layered fibrousfluid filter media web of melt blown fibrous material comprising atleast two or more freely separable face to face melt blown layers offibrous filter media free of layer bonding with the fibers in each layerhaving a minimum bonded relation to provide a fibrous filter media ofmaximized bulk with accompanying increased dust holding capacity andincreased overall efficiency. The fibers of such novel filter mediaadvantageously can be in the range of zero point three (0.3) to twenty(20) micrometers in diameter and can be of polymeric nature of either apolyester with a density of approximately one point four (1.4) grams percubic centimeter or a polypropylene with a density of approximately zeropoint nine (0.9) grams per cubic centimeter or a nylon with a density ofapproximately one point one four (1.14) grams per cubic centimeter.

I claim:
 1. Die apparatus for forming a layered web of fibrous filtermedia with the layers thereof distinctly separate from each othercomprising a unitary die body formed from a preselected heat conductivematerial, said die body having formed therein at least twopreselectively spaced fluid material flow-through passages, each fluidmaterial flow-through passage having a fluid material receiving inletand a fluid material dispensing outlet adapted to dispense a row oflayer forming fibers therefrom with the dispensed fiber layers to becollected in stacked, facing relation, said die body further havingformed therein at least two pairs each of oppositely disposed fluidattenuating flow-through passages, each passage having a fluidattenuating inlet and fluid attenuating flow-through passages beingdisposed at preselectively opposed angles to define a preselectedincluded angle in excess of approximately ninety-five (95) degrees toapproximately one hundred and twenty (120) degrees so that said fluidattenuating outlets are so angularly positioned in opposite relation toeach other and relative either side of each said fluid material outletsto provide an uninterrupted turbulent, pulse-like. sinusoidal attenuatedfibrous flow from each of said fluid material outlets to thus increasethe rate of fibrous layer attenuation; heating means cooperative withsaid unitary die body whereby heat is conducted to said fluid materialflow-through passages and said fluid attenuating flow-through passages;and insulating means cooperative with the outer face of said heatingmeans to insulate the same at preselected locations.
 2. The dieapparatus of claim 1, said unitary die body being formed with a recessedsection adjacent each of said fluid material outlets and said opposedpair of fluid attenuating outlets to include a removable fluid materialnose outlet section having a passage therein communicably connectable aspart of said flow-through fluid material outlets in said die body andremovable fluid lip section means conforming with and communicablyconnectable as part of said opposed flow-through fluid attenuatingpassages, said removable lip section means allowing for variation of thespacing and geometric configuration to allow adjustment so as todetermine the velocity and angle of the fluid attenuating streams withinsaid approximate range of ninety-five (95) to one hundred and twenty(120) degrees.
 3. The die apparatus of claim 1, further comprising fluidtreating passages cooperative with said fluid outlets of said die bodyto treat attenuated fibrous material so as to enhance crystallizationand to avoid subsequent bonding between collected adjacent facingfibrous layers and to reduce bonding within each layer thus increasinglayered fibrous filter media web bulk with increased filter capacity andoverall efficiency.
 4. The die apparatus of claim 1, said heatconductive unitary die body being of a nickel-chromium alloyed steel. 5.The die apparatus of claim 1, said heating means being a cast aluminumalloy-electric coil heater.
 6. The die apparatus of claim 1, saidinsulating means being of a preselected, non-conductive, inorganicmatter.
 7. The die apparatus of claim 1, said insulating means being ofa non-conductive ceramic material.
 8. The die apparatus of claim 1, saidheating means being a heating jacket cooperatively surrounding saidunitary die body to conduct heat to said fluid material and fluidattenuating passages and said insulating means being an insulatingjacket cooperatively surrounding the outer face of said heating jacket.9. The die apparatus of claim 2, said fluid material nose outlet sectionincluding a passageway communicably connected as part of said fluidmaterial outlet in said die body and including an orifice plate havingan approximate range of ten (10) to fifty (50) spaced fiber dispensingapertures per inch of orifice plate.
 10. The die apparatus of claim 9,said orifice plate having a row of spaced dispensing aperturesadvantageously amounting to thirty (30) spaced apertures per inch. 11.The die apparatus of claim 2 said fluid material nose outlet and saidfluid lip sections being of a nickel-chromium alloyed steel.
 12. Dieapparatus for forming a layered web of fibrous filter media with thelayers thereof distinctly separate from each other comprising a unitarydie body formed from a heat conductive nickel-chromium alloyed steel,said die body having drill formed therein several fluid material flowthrough passages, each fluid material flow-through passage having afluid material receiving inlet to be connected to a fluid materialsupply source externally of said die body and a fluid materialdispensing outlet, said die body further having drill formed therein atleast two pair of oppositely disposed fluid attenuating flow throughpassages, each pair of oppositely disposed attenuating passages having afluid attenuating inlet and fluid attenuating outlet with the oppositelydisposed fluid attenuating flow-through passages being angularlydisposed to define a preselected included angle of approximately onehundred and eight (108) degrees plus or minus two (2) degrees so thatsaid fluid attenuating outlets of said opposed fluid attenuatingpassages are so angularly positioned on opposite sides of each of saidfluid material outlets so as to provide a turbulent, pulse-like,sinusoidal attenuating fibrous flow from each of said fluid materialoutlets to thus increase the rate of fibrous layer attenuation, saidunitary nickel chromium steel die body further having stepped recessedportions to snugly and removably receive the base portions of nickel andchromium alloyed steel nose sections, said nose sections having apexportions with a substantially triangularly shaped cross-section, saidnose sections including fluid material outlet passageways communicatingwith said fluid material passages in said die body to form a continuingpart thereof, said nose sections each having a longitudinally extendingorifice plate therein adjacent the apex portion of said nose section tobe in communication with said fluid material passageways to receivefluid material therefrom, said orifice plate including at least one rowor spaced fibrous fluid emitting apertures therein, said spacedapertures numbering approximately thirty (30) per inch, each beingpreselectively sized and geometrically shaped to determine the size andcross-sectional shape of the layered fibrous material passedtherethrough, said recessed portion of said die body further removablyreceiving longitudinally extending opposed mirror-image spaced lipsections to be spaced from and contoured to cooperate with the sideflanks of said apex portion of said nose section to define fluidattenuating passageways which form part of and angularly continue thefluid attenuating passages in said die body on opposite sides of each ofsaid fluid material outlets to provide an uninterrupted turbulent,pulse-like sinusoidal attenuated fibrous flow from each of said fluidmaterial outlets to thus increase the rate of fibrous layer attenuation;an aluminum alloyed, electric coil heating jacket cooperativelysurrounding said unitary die to conduct heat to said passages therein; aceramic insulating jacket cooperatively surrounding the outer face ofsaid heating jacket; and apertured fluid treating conduits cooperativewith said fluid outlets of said nose and lip sections to treat emittedlayered fibrous material to enhance crystallization and to avoidsubsequent bonding of collected adjacent facing fibrous layers and toreduce bonding of individual fibers within each layer to increase mediabulk and filtering efficiency.